The ‘ss’ command is a tool used to print network socket-related information such as PACKET sockets, TCP sockets, UDP sockets, DCCP sockets, RAW sockets, Unix domain sockets, etc. It is considered the best replacement for the old netstat command (now deprecated), offering new, powerful, and
A package manager is a command-line or graphical tool that allows you to easily search, install, update, and remove software packages on a Linux system. The software package is a collection of different files bundled together for simple distribution and installation. When installing any software
Systemd is a popular init system used by many major Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu, Debian, Red Hat, and Fedora. It’s ofter a service manager that manages various programs and processes on your Linux system. The systemd services are defined in unit files. Few programs
AWS provides a range of instance types, like t2.micro (eligible for the free tier), t3.micro, c5.large, and many more. When creating the AWS EC2 instance, you must select an instance type for which your next-month bill will be generated. If you happen to forget the
The “mknod” (or make node) command was originally used to create the character and block devices that reside in the “/dev” virtual filesystem. However, these devices are not regular data files but special files, and modern systems can now create or delete them by detecting
Ed is one of the oldest line editor, having existed for almost four decades. It was introduced long before Vi or Vim, and by looking at its functionality, you can clearly say that Vi drew inspiration from ed, as they share many similarities. Before we
The “xxd” command allows to convert data from standard input or a file into hexadecimal or binary output, and it can also reverse the process, converting hex (not binary) to regular characters. Debugging, inspecting non-textual content in hexadecimal, analyzing binary file structures, transporting data in
At one point, you may have come across a template, configuration, or initialization file containing bash variables as placeholders that you’ll need to fill in before actual usage. To fill those variables, you can either use the globally set environment variables, such as “$HOME“, “$USER“,
In Linux, “/proc” is a special virtual file system that contains valuable system-related information in different files. Such a file is “/proc/cpuinfo“, which stores detailed information about the CPU, such as vendor ID, CPU family, model name, virtualization features, caches, and many more. Since it’s
The “update-grub” command, commonly used to apply changes made to the GRUB on Linux, was not available on my newly switched vanilla Arch system. Initially, I was quite surprised because I remember selecting GRUB during installation, and the GRUB screen also appeared on system boot,
PDFs are the primary file format for sharing sensitive educational, government, or office documents with individuals, often encrypted with a password to prevent unauthorized access. However, with a valid password, individuals can easily decrypt and store them in an encrypted wallet for future access. But
If you are a penetration tester, network administrator, or security professional diving into the realm of WiFi pentesting, your journey will involve enabling monitor mode on your Network Interface Card (NIC). In this article, we go over what monitor and managed modes are in your
