Understanding Stdin, Stdout, and Stderr Streams in Linux

If you ever used vim, nano, or read commands, you were already using the stdin stream.

Or if you were listing the files and directories from your system using the ls command, you were using the stdout stream.

In case you misspelled your command or interpreted something wrong, you were using the stderr stream.

I mean to say that if you were interacting with a Linux terminal and performing any command execution or piping the two commands, you already had them in use.

Tutorial Details

Description	Stdin, Stdout, and Stderr Streams
Difficulty Level	Moderate
Root or Sudo Privileges	No
Host System and Architecture	Ubuntu 22.10 (x64)
OS Compatibility	Ubuntu, Manjaro, Fedora, etc.
Prerequisites	cat, echo, read, ls
Internet Required	No

• stdin a.k.a. “standard input,” will take the text as input.
• stdout a.k.a. “standard output”, is the output of a command that is stored in this stream.
• stderr a.k.a. “standard error”, stores the command error or diagnostic information.

Also, Linux assigns unique values to each of these data streams.

stdin	0
stdout	1
stderr	2

In Linux, you do not need to find this file or perform any action for them; they are already part of your Linux system and attached to your terminal device (e.g., “/dev/tty“).

Whenever you execute any command in your terminal, this stream will sit in the back and watch the command you execute, and then the one that is required will come into use.

For example, if you execute the read command in your terminal, it will ask for input from your keyboard taking the use of stdin stream.

$ read
Hello folks, this is the stdin example from linuxtldr.com

Output:

Now, if you were listing the current directory, you would execute the “ls” command, which would return or stream the data to stdout, and the terminal would print it out.

$ ls -l

Outptu:

However, if I misspell the same command above as shown,

$ ls -l randomstring

Output:

Above, I provided an invalid argument to the “ls” command, which resulted in the “No such file or directory” error that is returned to stderr stream by the “ls” command.

Piping the Two Commands

Using the stdin, stdout, and, in some cases, stderr can be used to pipe one command output as another command input, and vice versa, using the “|” sign.

For example, you can use the “|” sign to pipe the echo command output (stdout stream) to the grep command (stdin stream) as shown.

$ echo "Hello folks!" | grep Hello

Output:

If you want to pipe stdout and stderr to the next command, use the “|&” instead.

Without error:

$ echo "Hello folks!" |& cat

Output:

With error:

$ randomstring |& cat

Output:

Redirecting the Commands

In the above, you learn to pipe two different commands using the “|” sign and redirect stdout or stderr streams’ data to the stdin stream.

However, you can use an “>” sign to write this data into a file or redirect it to the another command as argument.

$ echo "Hello folks!" > file.txt

Output:

The above command will take the stdout stream data from the echo command and redirect it to the target file (ex: “file.txt“).

Remember, when you execute the above command in the present directory, if there is no “file.txt“, it will create a fresh file.

But if there is already a file with the same name as the target file in the present directory (ex: “file.txt“), it will overwrite it by removing the present content with new content (“Hello, folks!“) into the file.

However, you can prevent this from happening by using the “>>” double redirection symbol, which will write the stdout stream data at the end of the target file.

$ echo "Hello folks!" >> file.txt

Output:

However, you can also take the stdin stream data as an input from another command instead of using the keyboard, as shown.

$ cat < file.txt 

Output:

The above cat command is working as stdin data (without the use of a keyboard) from the file (ex, “file.txt“), which is working as stdout data.

Redirecting the stdout and stderr

Until now, we were redirecting the stdout data to stdin and vice versa. However, you can also redirect the stdout and stderr streams together to the stdin stream using their unique values, as shown.

$ echo "Hello folks!" 1> output.txt 2>errors.txt

Output:

The above command will not throw an error, so only stdout data will be redirected to stdin, and “output.txt” will have the “Hello folks!” content.

However, if you execute the wrong command or misspell it, as shown.

$ randomcommand 1> output.txt 2>errors.txt

It will only modify the “errors.txt” file with the error message that came from the stderr stream, as shown.

That’s all for now. I tried to explain this concept to you as simply as possible for beginners to understand.

They are simply used to stream data from one point to another, much like rivers flow from one end to another.

In case you are unable to understand anything or are still unclear with the concept, do let us know in the comment section.