Linux administrators are allowed to create ânormal user accountsâ with a range from 1000 to 60000 uids, where uid 0 is reserved for âroot usersâ and âsystem usersâ are allowed uids from 1 to 999. Normal users might rarely reach this threshold, creating so many
The chage command is identical to the passwd command used to change user account and password expiration information. Using this command, you can list the userâs password information, enable or disable password expiration, set the account expiration date, or force the user to change their
When you create a new user account and set a password for that account, the âpassword expiresâ status is set to never (ex: 0). Apart from that, the âpassword inactiveâ and âaccount expiresâ statuses are also set to never, and your last password change will
The passwd command is used to modify the userâs password and its properties, like deleting the password, expiring the password, deactivating the account, and many more. The owner of an account only has permission to modify its password properties, except for the root user, who
The chown command is used to modify the user and group ownership of files and directories. It will be helpful to restrict the access permissions for files and directories to selective users and members of group. Tutorial Details Description Chown (Change Ownership) Difficulty Level Moderate
The chmod command is used to modify the access permissions of files and directories. It can modify the read, write, and executable permissions, which can help you control shell script execution or specific file modifications. In this article, you will learn how to change referenced
The stat command is used to get detailed information about a file or filesystem, such as the file size, blocks, IO blocks, device type, SELinux security context string, Inode, permissions, and modification date. Tutorial Details Description Stat Difficulty Level Low Root or Sudo Privileges No
The PWD (a.k.a. âpresent working directoryâ) will print the path of the directory you are currently working in, starting from the root directory to the current directory. Tutorial Details Description PWD (Present Working Directory) Difficulty Level Low Root or Sudo Privileges No OS Compatibility Ubuntu,
The ls command is used to list all files and directories in the specified directory. Apart from that, it will also show you the properties of the files and directories, like their permissions, ownership, size, and modification date. Tutorial Details Description ls Difficulty Level Low
The echo command takes the text or file as an argument and prints the output on the terminal screen. It is mostly used in shell scripts when developers create a variable and use the variable to print the value on screen using the echo command.
The file command in Linux is used to determine the MIME encoding (e.g. âimage/jpeg; charset=binaryâ) or file type (e.g. âASCII textâ) for the target file. Tutorial Details Description Determine file type Difficulty Level Low Root or Sudo Privileges Yes (for one command) OS Compatibility Ubuntu,
The â/dev/nullâ file is a special file that can be found in all Linux systems. They are also referred to as ânull device filesâ, âvoidâ, and sometimes âa black hole of Linuxâ. There is not any specific role for this file; however, if you redirect
