Linux administrators are allowed to create “normal user accounts” with a range from 1000 to 60000 uids, where uid 0 is reserved for “root users” and “system users” are allowed uids from 1 to 999. Normal users might rarely reach this threshold, creating so many
The chown command is used to modify the user and group ownership of files and directories. It will be helpful to restrict the access permissions for files and directories to selective users and members of group. Tutorial Details Description Chown (Change Ownership) Difficulty Level Moderate
The chmod command is used to modify the access permissions of files and directories. It can modify the read, write, and executable permissions, which can help you control shell script execution or specific file modifications. In this article, you will learn how to change referenced
The echo command takes the text or file as an argument and prints the output on the terminal screen. It is mostly used in shell scripts when developers create a variable and use the variable to print the value on screen using the echo command.
The file command in Linux is used to determine the MIME encoding (e.g. “image/jpeg; charset=binary”) or file type (e.g. “ASCII text”) for the target file. Tutorial Details Description Determine file type Difficulty Level Low Root or Sudo Privileges Yes (for one command) OS Compatibility Ubuntu,
If you ever used vim, nano, or read commands, you were already using the stdin stream. Or if you were listing the files and directories from your system using the ls command, you were using the stdout stream. In case you misspelled your command or
The sed command is a stream editor that helps you search, find, replace, insert, and delete strings from the referenced text file without opening it. It is similar to the AWK and grep commands that follow the regular expression approach to modify the string from
Awk is a domain-specific programming language that can be used as a Linux command-line tool or within a shell script. The working is similar to the sed and grep commands, extracting the data from the reference file using the regular expressions. It can be piped
The compgen command is a very handy tool available in major Linux distributions that can help you find your system aliases, shell built-ins, commands, directories, groups, jobs, users, etc. In this article, you will learn how to use the compgen command with practical examples. Tutorial
The grep command is used to perform regular expressions to find out strings and patterns from the file that match a regular expression and stream the output to a new file. Tutorial Details Description Global Regular Expression Print Difficulty Level Low Root or Sudo Privileges No OS Compatibility
